Past Year Question Essay Example for Free

Past Year Question Essay PART A Public Awareness is the Key to Fight Pollution Pollution in the most basic form littering of rubbish or clogged drains to that of higher level such as dumping of hazardous waste and illegal logging, is chiefly attributed to lack of public awareness, so contends Minister of Natural Resources and Environment. As Malaysia joins the ranks of industrialized nations, pollution is fast becoming a menace that the country has to cope with. No amount of law can succeed in deterring people from polluting the environment so long as they are unaware about the adverse consequences of their action, he said. Although we have come down hard on the culprits, we can never be satisfied as we keep on raising the bar by benchmarking against developed nations in the likes of Japan, Sweden and New Zealand where every citizen is fully aware of their role in environmental preservation, he adds. As for water pollution, once a source of drinking water, many rivers in Malaysia have become dumping grounds for various types of hazardous wastes. Of all natural resources, water is the most severely threatened by pollution in this country. In 2006, gypsum, oil and hydrocarbon, dross, heavy metal sludge, mineral sludge and e-waste were the main categories of waste produced in the country. Of the total wastes produced, 110,814 metric tonnes were treated and disposed at Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd, 9,360 metric tonnes (0.8%) at Trinekens (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd and 11,364 metric tonnes were incinerated at licensed off-site facilities. Source: Malaysian Business 16/9/2007 QUESTION 1 a) As Malaysia joins the ranks of industrialised nations, pollution is fast becoming a menace that the country has to cope with. Based on your knowledge on the Materials Balance Model, explain this statement. (5 marks) Â © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 3 BM/OCT 2010/ECO656/646 b) Water pollution in Malaysia is caused by point and non-point sources. What is the difference between the two? Which classification does the group of water pollution sources mentioned in the last paragraph of the article belong to? (5 marks) What type of pollution control method can be implied from paragraphs 2 and 3 in the article? Describe the method and give an example. (5 marks) Pollution is chiefly attributed to lack of public awareness. Assuming you are an environmental economist, do you agree or disagree with the statement? Elaborate. (5 marks) c) d) e) What is the difference between positive and normative economics? Suggest one sentence in the article that reflects a positive statement. (5 marks) Â © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL PARTB 4 BM/OCT 2010/ECO656/646 QUESTION 1 a) What is sustainable development? Define and illustrate with an example. (5 marks) b) How is green gross domestic product (GDP) different from the traditional GDP? What are the arguments for the use of green GDP as growth indicator? (10 marks) With the help of relevant diagram, explain social welfare in the form of consumer surplus. (10 marks) c) QUESTION 2 a) What is meant by allocative efficiency? Explain. (5 marks) b) How does a deposit-refund system work in controlling domestic solid waste disposal? Explain with the assistance of a diagram. (10 marks) Define deforestation and its causes. Why is accelerated deforestation a concern in many countries? (10 marks) c) QUESTION 3 a) Describe the occurrence of global warming. (5 marks) b) What are the challenges faced by countries in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in their countries? Explain. (10 marks) Explain the efforts done at international level to reduce ozone depletion problem. (10 marks) c) Â © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL QUESTION 4 5 BM/OCT 2010/ECO656/646 a) Market failure can be associated with externalities. Define market failure and externalities. (5 marks) Explain how free-ridership leads to market failure of a public good such as clean air. (10 marks) b) c) Palm oil refineries generate social cost to society in the form of smoke and particles. Explain and model in a diagram the efficient equilibrium for palm oil in the presence of these atmospheric emissions. (10 marks) QUESTION 5 Briefly explain the following: a) b) c) d) e) Explicit and implicit environmental costs (5 marks) Coase theorem (5 marks) Environmental Kuznets curve (5 marks) Polluter-Pay-Principle (5 marks) Acid deposition (5 marks) END OF QUESTION PAPER Â © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL

The History of Hysteria Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The History of Hysteria W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence is essentially a novel about a man’s struggle to free himself from the restrictions of society and to act out his most passionate desire--to paint. However, Maugham’s novel is also a story of its time and therefore reflects popular theories and ideas that were prevalent at the time of its writing. Included in these ideas is Hysteria, mentioned clearly when the narrators describes the doctor’s view of Blanche’s attempt to kill herself as â€Å"just a hysterical woman who had quarreled with her lover...it was constantly happening. (Maugham 123). The following will describe the development, symptoms and treatment of Hysteria. Hysteria, considered a â€Å"neurotic illness† (www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/hysteria.htm) was considered a disorder in which a person, usually a woman, exhibited physical symptoms yet no physical cause could be found. Coming from the Greek for â€Å"uterus,† or â€Å"hysteria,† Hysteria was thought to be related to the uterus or an altered menstrual cycle. Hysteria’s symptoms were many, but the most notable included â€Å"inappropriate elation or sadness† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm), excessive laughing or crying followed by an abrupt return to a normal state, fainting, panic, paralysis, cramps in the body and a â€Å"sense of constriction of the throat.† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm) The French doctor Jean-Martin Charcot, a pioneer in the field of psychiatry in the mid-nineteenth century, insisted that there were four stages to a â€Å"full hysterical attack:† 1. Tonic Rigidity 2. Clonic spasms and grand movements 3. Attitudes passionelles, or vivid physical representations of one or more emotional states 4. Final delirium-... ...n appreciates† (SOURCE) and Hearst’s magazine urged husbands to purchase them as Christmas gifts to â€Å"keep their wives young and pretty and free from Hysteria.† However, as Freud initiated a new type of thinking in the psychiatric world, vibrators fell out of use and were replaced by more â€Å"modern† cures such as psychoanalysis. While hysteria is no longer a medical condition, it is important to note its effect both on the medical world and the steps it took to cure it as well as the effect it had on women and their standing in society. SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION: www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm This web site provides a very complete description of the history, causes, symptoms and cures for Hysteria. Also, for further reading, try Charlotte Perkins Gillman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Short Stories, available from Penguin Publishers.

Solar Ray Collector

OBJECTIVE: – To determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. 1. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e? 20 °C. a) Complete collector b) Collector without glass plate 2. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e ? 60 °C. c) Complete collector d) Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges e) Collector without glass plate f) Collector without glass plate, cold jet of air impinges INTRODUCTION: Solar ray collectors  transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to water. Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems.The heart of a solar collector is the absorber, which is usually composed of several narrow metal strips. The carrier fluid for heat transfer flows through a heat-carrying pipe, which is connected to the absorber strip. In plate-type absorbers, two sheets are sandwiched together allowing the medium to flow between the two sheets. Absorbers are typic ally made of copper or aluminum. CALCULATION: Important formula for calculating the useful power, PN and efficiency, ? : 1. Useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) where, m = 100 g/min = 1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s c = specific thermal capacity of water = 4. 182 kJ/kg  · K o = average absorber outlet temperature ?i = average absorber inlet temperature 2. Efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) where, qi = 1 kW/m2 A = 0. 12 m2 Sample calculation: PART A I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (32. 5 – 28. 5) K = 0. 0279 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 232 II. Complete without glass plate ( t=15min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (35. 0 – 30. 0) K = 0. 0348 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 2 m2) = 0. 29 PART B I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (50. 0 -50. 5) K = 3. 49 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 3. 49W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 029 II. Collector without glass plate ( t=10min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (52. 0 -52. 0) K = 0. 0 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 III. Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 67 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (51. 5-51. 5) K = 0. 0 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 IV. Collector without glass plate , cold jet of air impinges ( t=15min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/ s)  · (43. 0 – 49. 0) K = 0. 0418 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0418 kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 349 DISCUSSION: In this laboratory session, we have conducted an experiment regarding Solar Ray Collector. The main idea of this experiment is to determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions.Theoretically, solar collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to a medium (water, solar fluid, or air). Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems. The efficiency of a solar collector is defined as the quotient of usable thermal energy versus received solar energy. Absorbers are usually black, as dark surfaces demonstrate a particularly high degree of light absorption. The level of absorption indicates the amount of solar radiation being absorbed that means not being reflected.As the absorber warms up to a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, it gives off a great part of the accumulated solar energy in form of heat rays. From the Part A of the experiment we can observed that the temperature increases for collector with glass is lesser than collector without a glass. This is because for the condition without glass plate, the light emitted from the halogen lamp not being reflected. Thus the light is emitted directed to the solar ray collector and gives their full efficiency without any disturbance or obstacles.In other scenario, collector with the glass plate, the light that emitted from the halogen lamp is being reflected by the glass plate and also reduced the heat that cross from the glass to the solar collector and hence reduced their efficiency. When the glass is placed, the maximum efficiency recorded was 0. 23 and when the glass is not used the maximum efficiency reached 0. 29. Efficiency indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished. In Part B , we can said that when we use heated water around 60? C , we can see that PN and ? ecome constant zero at the end of the time for natural air with glass. This is because the inlet and outlet temperature have become the same. So we can say that there is no useful power in the system. For the experiment that using the blower, the useful power and efficiency of the absorber for the blower without glass plate is higher than blower with glass plate. This is because the air from the blower relieves the heat from the surface of the absorber thus directly reducing the effectiveness of the absorber significantly. There are several error that occurred while we doing the experiment.First is as parallax errors, for instance the reading of the thermometer not taken precisely. Thus it might be give a slightly error in the data . If the parallax errors occurred, it might influence the results and calculation that we got. Secondly is to get temperature of water at 60 Celsius °C and sometime the temperature drop and affected the heat exchanger. Besides , we are having difficulty in order to maintain the flow rate of 100 cm3/min, because it sometimes goes down and up. Thus we have to check it frequently and its quite disturbing because we also need to take measurement for every minutes for 15 minutes.Moreover the thermometer is not precise because it scale is only 0. 5. Thus it is very difficult to get a correct measurement CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we can say that this experiment has achieve its objectives since we can determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. In this experiment we can said that, the greater heat losses of the absorber the higher its temperature. Although there a lack of technique in handling the apparatus, we managed to complete the experiment with the guide of instructor.

American Culture Religion and the Romanticism Movement

American Culture: Religion and the Romanticism Movement For decades, religious aspects have constantly changed, been opposed, and have also influenced the American Culture. Much controversy is involved in religion because of the effect it has on the nation and how it reflects upon significant political figures. From early to mid-1800, Romanticism, a period involving literature, art, and theoretical ideas, impacted America as well, although it originated in Europe. Religion and Romanticism helped innovate diversity in culture, contoured virtual concepts, and promoted an emergence in the improvement of America as a nation. Diversity was establishing due to the growth of Religion and Romanticism. Beginning with religion, Lutheran church services were extremely popular between the years 1796-1882. Important figures were depicted through numerous wall paintings and showcased throughout churches. People’s values began to grow along with the concepts of faith and art. The English Protestant churches were lacking what modern churches offe red; many enjoyed the homey feel of the modern churches and shared their beliefs with not only members of the church, but a majority of the community. Beliefs eventually spread and this helped with the spread of diversity also. According to The Library of Congress, churches were being built at a headlong pace because of the number of people that were continuously attending. The churches were being built to â€Å"glorify God† and therefore were builtShow MoreRelatedThe American Renaissance Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn America, the American Renaissance was the period in 1835-1880 in which United States literature came of age as an expression of a national spirit. Literature became one of the most historically significant effects that occurred throughout the time period of the American Renaissance. The American Renaissance is also characterized by renewed national self-confidence new ideas and technologies. 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