The History of Hysteria Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The History of Hysteria W. Somerset Maugham’s The Moon and Sixpence is essentially a novel about a man’s struggle to free himself from the restrictions of society and to act out his most passionate desire--to paint. However, Maugham’s novel is also a story of its time and therefore reflects popular theories and ideas that were prevalent at the time of its writing. Included in these ideas is Hysteria, mentioned clearly when the narrators describes the doctor’s view of Blanche’s attempt to kill herself as â€Å"just a hysterical woman who had quarreled with her lover...it was constantly happening. (Maugham 123). The following will describe the development, symptoms and treatment of Hysteria. Hysteria, considered a â€Å"neurotic illness† (www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/hysteria.htm) was considered a disorder in which a person, usually a woman, exhibited physical symptoms yet no physical cause could be found. Coming from the Greek for â€Å"uterus,† or â€Å"hysteria,† Hysteria was thought to be related to the uterus or an altered menstrual cycle. Hysteria’s symptoms were many, but the most notable included â€Å"inappropriate elation or sadness† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm), excessive laughing or crying followed by an abrupt return to a normal state, fainting, panic, paralysis, cramps in the body and a â€Å"sense of constriction of the throat.† (www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm) The French doctor Jean-Martin Charcot, a pioneer in the field of psychiatry in the mid-nineteenth century, insisted that there were four stages to a â€Å"full hysterical attack:† 1. Tonic Rigidity 2. Clonic spasms and grand movements 3. Attitudes passionelles, or vivid physical representations of one or more emotional states 4. Final delirium-... ...n appreciates† (SOURCE) and Hearst’s magazine urged husbands to purchase them as Christmas gifts to â€Å"keep their wives young and pretty and free from Hysteria.† However, as Freud initiated a new type of thinking in the psychiatric world, vibrators fell out of use and were replaced by more â€Å"modern† cures such as psychoanalysis. While hysteria is no longer a medical condition, it is important to note its effect both on the medical world and the steps it took to cure it as well as the effect it had on women and their standing in society. SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION: www.healthlibrary.com/reading/ncure/chap94.htm This web site provides a very complete description of the history, causes, symptoms and cures for Hysteria. Also, for further reading, try Charlotte Perkins Gillman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Short Stories, available from Penguin Publishers.

Solar Ray Collector

OBJECTIVE: – To determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. 1. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e? 20 °C. a) Complete collector b) Collector without glass plate 2. Illumination with halogen lamp. Water temperature ? e ? 60 °C. c) Complete collector d) Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges e) Collector without glass plate f) Collector without glass plate, cold jet of air impinges INTRODUCTION: Solar ray collectors  transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to water. Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems.The heart of a solar collector is the absorber, which is usually composed of several narrow metal strips. The carrier fluid for heat transfer flows through a heat-carrying pipe, which is connected to the absorber strip. In plate-type absorbers, two sheets are sandwiched together allowing the medium to flow between the two sheets. Absorbers are typic ally made of copper or aluminum. CALCULATION: Important formula for calculating the useful power, PN and efficiency, ? : 1. Useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) where, m = 100 g/min = 1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s c = specific thermal capacity of water = 4. 182 kJ/kg  · K o = average absorber outlet temperature ?i = average absorber inlet temperature 2. Efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) where, qi = 1 kW/m2 A = 0. 12 m2 Sample calculation: PART A I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (32. 5 – 28. 5) K = 0. 0279 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 232 II. Complete without glass plate ( t=15min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (35. 0 – 30. 0) K = 0. 0348 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0279kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 2 m2) = 0. 29 PART B I. Complete collector ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (50. 0 -50. 5) K = 3. 49 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 3. 49W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 029 II. Collector without glass plate ( t=10min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (52. 0 -52. 0) K = 0. 0 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 III. Complete collector, cold jet of air impinges ( t=15 min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 67 x 10-3 kg/s)  · (51. 5-51. 5) K = 0. 0 W – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0 W / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 0 IV. Collector without glass plate , cold jet of air impinges ( t=15min ) – useful power, PN = c  · m  · (? o – ? i) = (4. 182 kJ/kg  · K)  · (1. 667 x 10-3 kg/ s)  · (43. 0 – 49. 0) K = 0. 0418 kW – efficiency, ? = PN / (qi x A) = 0. 0418 kW / (1 kW/m2 x 0. 12 m2) = 0. 349 DISCUSSION: In this laboratory session, we have conducted an experiment regarding Solar Ray Collector. The main idea of this experiment is to determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions.Theoretically, solar collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to a medium (water, solar fluid, or air). Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems. The efficiency of a solar collector is defined as the quotient of usable thermal energy versus received solar energy. Absorbers are usually black, as dark surfaces demonstrate a particularly high degree of light absorption. The level of absorption indicates the amount of solar radiation being absorbed that means not being reflected.As the absorber warms up to a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, it gives off a great part of the accumulated solar energy in form of heat rays. From the Part A of the experiment we can observed that the temperature increases for collector with glass is lesser than collector without a glass. This is because for the condition without glass plate, the light emitted from the halogen lamp not being reflected. Thus the light is emitted directed to the solar ray collector and gives their full efficiency without any disturbance or obstacles.In other scenario, collector with the glass plate, the light that emitted from the halogen lamp is being reflected by the glass plate and also reduced the heat that cross from the glass to the solar collector and hence reduced their efficiency. When the glass is placed, the maximum efficiency recorded was 0. 23 and when the glass is not used the maximum efficiency reached 0. 29. Efficiency indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished. In Part B , we can said that when we use heated water around 60? C , we can see that PN and ? ecome constant zero at the end of the time for natural air with glass. This is because the inlet and outlet temperature have become the same. So we can say that there is no useful power in the system. For the experiment that using the blower, the useful power and efficiency of the absorber for the blower without glass plate is higher than blower with glass plate. This is because the air from the blower relieves the heat from the surface of the absorber thus directly reducing the effectiveness of the absorber significantly. There are several error that occurred while we doing the experiment.First is as parallax errors, for instance the reading of the thermometer not taken precisely. Thus it might be give a slightly error in the data . If the parallax errors occurred, it might influence the results and calculation that we got. Secondly is to get temperature of water at 60 Celsius °C and sometime the temperature drop and affected the heat exchanger. Besides , we are having difficulty in order to maintain the flow rate of 100 cm3/min, because it sometimes goes down and up. Thus we have to check it frequently and its quite disturbing because we also need to take measurement for every minutes for 15 minutes.Moreover the thermometer is not precise because it scale is only 0. 5. Thus it is very difficult to get a correct measurement CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we can say that this experiment has achieve its objectives since we can determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. In this experiment we can said that, the greater heat losses of the absorber the higher its temperature. Although there a lack of technique in handling the apparatus, we managed to complete the experiment with the guide of instructor.

American Culture Religion and the Romanticism Movement

American Culture: Religion and the Romanticism Movement For decades, religious aspects have constantly changed, been opposed, and have also influenced the American Culture. Much controversy is involved in religion because of the effect it has on the nation and how it reflects upon significant political figures. From early to mid-1800, Romanticism, a period involving literature, art, and theoretical ideas, impacted America as well, although it originated in Europe. Religion and Romanticism helped innovate diversity in culture, contoured virtual concepts, and promoted an emergence in the improvement of America as a nation. Diversity was establishing due to the growth of Religion and Romanticism. Beginning with religion, Lutheran church services were extremely popular between the years 1796-1882. Important figures were depicted through numerous wall paintings and showcased throughout churches. People’s values began to grow along with the concepts of faith and art. The English Protestant churches were lacking what modern churches offe red; many enjoyed the homey feel of the modern churches and shared their beliefs with not only members of the church, but a majority of the community. Beliefs eventually spread and this helped with the spread of diversity also. According to The Library of Congress, churches were being built at a headlong pace because of the number of people that were continuously attending. The churches were being built to â€Å"glorify God† and therefore were builtShow MoreRelatedThe American Renaissance Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn America, the American Renaissance was the period in 1835-1880 in which United States literature came of age as an expression of a national spirit. Literature became one of the most historically significant effects that occurred throughout the time period of the American Renaissance. The American Renaissance is also characterized by renewed national self-confidence new ideas and technologies. 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Thus resulting in the Romanticism literary movement for their desire of a literature that was all American. The Scarlett Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who during the 19th centuryRead MoreMusic is one of many forms of art. There are varying types of music which consists of seven1300 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven way to spiritual and cultural purposes. These complex rhythms and patterns would create a purpose that humans would use throughout history. During this period, different cultures began to believe that there were far more superior beings that created this world. This thought created many religions. These early religions would use music as a tool to inspire many people by creating a sense of wonder and awe. These simple forms of music expanded and the need to invent new instruments were created

10 Minute Presentation Topics to Rock at Your Social Studies ClassÂÂ

10 minute presentations are a popular way for social studies professors to assess their student’s understanding of the class content or the success of a research project. In social studies classes, presentations are often a great way for you to present a case study and practice making your own analysis on a topic. When planning your own 10 minute presentation, be sure to take into account these tips and tricks so that your presentation rocks: Organize It. Ten minutes is a reasonable length of time to get into some detail, yet is not so long that you can get into a lot of depth on your topic. This means you have two concerns: not to bore your audience and to communicate only the most important points. To do so, be sure to organize yourself with a solid introduction that sets the stage, a middle which gets into the meat and main points (3 is a good number of points to include) and a conclusion which wraps everything up. Tell Stories. People remember great stories more than facts and information. Make sure you include a story or two so that your audience will remember what you’ve shared. A story is a great opener as it will catch your audience’s interest. Social Studies topics often have great stories since this discipline studies people. Stories about a successful family business in the midst of the economic depression or anecdotes about people practicing obscure religions can make the subject matter come alive. Don’t Be a Robot. Although it may be tempting to memorize your speech word for word, this will make you sound mechanical and robot like. Instead, make index cards with bullet points to help you keep on track. Try to stay calm and speak naturally. Use variation in your voice and engage your whole audience by making eye contact across the whole group. Practice. It’s worth it to practice giving your presentation a few times prior to your class date. This will help you determine whether you’re in the time frame and help you practice using any supporting materials such as images, power point presentations or graphs that you might use. If possible, have a friend listen to your presentation and get feedback about your pace, content and supporting materials. Now that you know how to give a great 10 minute presentation, consider the following topics that you can choose from when considering ideas for your own presentation: Archaeology Otzi the Iceman – One of the Best Preserved Accidental Mummies. Mathieu Ossendrijver Deciphered a Babylonian Tablet That Tracked Jupiter’s Path. Britain’s â€Å"Pompeii† Shows Bronze Age Settlement. Recent Discovery of the Arca (A Greek Fortress) in Jerusalem. Durrington Walls Super-Henge Shows That Stone Henge Was Not Alone. Economics How Powerful Is Corruption and What Policies Can Improve Politics in Countries with High Levels of Corruption? What Is the Optimum Mix of Public and Private Actors in Maximizing Growth in Developing Countries? Argentina’s Debt Crisis. Counterattacking the Next Recession. The British Millennial’s Struggle. Religion Pentacostalism in Western and Non-Western Countries – Reasons for Conversion. Policies on Gay Marriage. Faith in Schools – Policy. Inter-Religious Relations. Music and Hinduism. Geography Climate Change and Food Security. Greenland Ice Melting. Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench – Expeditions and Discoveries. The Biggest Drought in the Eastern Mediterranean in Over 900 Years. Now having all these tips and topics to choose from you are all set to deliver a rocking 10 minute presentation in your social studies class. Good luck!

Australia Is A Popular Study Country With Students

Australia is a popular study country with students from around the world. Particularly, in order to gain a top quality education, many international students study at university, however adjusting at the university life is not easy because of language proficiency, crossing culture and different social norms. For successfully studying at university, they need to understand to Australian culture and they need to adjust to university culture as soon as possible. This essay takes a look in the particular problems of international students at university study, such as language barriers, social supports, culture shocks and time management. Also I will present how to cope with the problems for successful adjustment to university study and life. Language barrier is a hindrance to international students’ adjustment. (Andrade, 2006). According to Andrade â€Å"international students hesitate to participate in class discussions since they have difficulty understanding classroom lectures† (2006, p.145). As an international student, I sympathize this fact, because Language proficiency is make me feel lack of confidence. Sometimes, lectures and domestic students speak so fast, certain topics are difficult and using advanced vocabulary. In some topics, I even do not know how to express with my own language. Therefore, it is much hard for me to discuss about the topic. It cause to miss classes and behind academic studying. Actually, it takes time the transition of adjustment, thus the studentsShow MoreRelatedMy First Secondary Education From Garden Academy Boarding School Essay915 Words   |  4 Pagesunder privileged people. 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In my undergraduate study I had taken up courses on Computer Networks, Data Structures, Microprocessors, Computer Architecture, Operating Systems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.etc. this program has converted my initial zeal into deep fascination for the subject and motivated me to pursue graduate study. An Information Technology

Comparative Business Case Studies

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Business Case Studies. Answer: Explanation of vegetable price hike The price of vegetable is determined by the market demand and supply. According to law of demand, when price of the product rises, quantity demand for the product increases given other influencing factors remaining the same. The law of demand depicts that, when other factors remaining same, increase in the price of the product leads to the decrease in the quantity demand for the product. On the other hand, law of supply says that, producers supply more in the market, when price increases per unit of the product. Demand curve shows the price that the consumers are willing to pay per unit of the product. Vegetables are necessary good for human being. Due to natural calamity like Typhoon, agricultural production has been fallen drastically. Agriculture is mostly dependent on climate. Due to loss of production, vegetable supply in the Metro Manila has been fallen. Therefore, for a given demand supply has been reduced. Shortage in supply pushes the price upward. Figure 1: Effect of typhoon on vegetable price (Source: created by author) The initial equilibrium point is at E1, where price is P1 and vegetable supplied in the market is Q1. Production of vegetable is affected and shortage of supply occurs in the market. The supply curve shifts to the left and the new supply curve is S2. Therefore, the new equilibrium achieved where the new supply curve cuts the demand curve, which is at point E2. At E2, supply of vegetables is reduced in the market to Q2, which is less than Q1 and price hikes at P2. As the demand exceeded the supply of vegetable in the market, suppliers have increased price to meet the demand. 2. a) Hike in university tuition fees Deregulation of University tuition fees by government indicates reduction in government subsidy in higher education. This decision gives freedom the Universities to determine the tuition fees on their own. When there are unique fees in the top ranking Universities within the country, students choose their favourite university based on quality. Students also get admission based on their merit. Deregulation of tuition fees may make the Universities competitive players. The objective of the University to hike in tuition fee is generating revenue and reducing budget deficit. Low tuition fee is a form of subsidy to the richer. In this ground, hike in University tuition fee is justified. However, this decision disrupts social equity. Higher tuition fees discourage the low-income group from accessing post secondary education. Therefore, the students belong to families with low income are less likely to take admission in that top ranked University even if they have merit. This may have negat ive impact on the quality of study in that University. The decision of the vice chancellor to hike tuition fees is feasible in the round of social equity, as education needs to be accessible equally to all the section of the society. b) Monpoly power of QantasLink As QantasLink is the only service provider between the Sydney and Toowoombas Brisbane West Wellcamp Airport, it has monopoly power in this route. However, this monopoly power is a type of natural monopoly, as QantasLink provides service in a large scale. In case of natural monopoly, average cost is falling continuously. Therefore, the firm is able to provide product or service at a very low price. Entry of new firm in this industry would be inefficient. Figure 2: Natural monopoly (Source: created by author) In the figure 2, the monopoly price is Pm and the quantity is Qm. If the firm charges the monopoly price, this will generate maximum profits. There will be a deadweight loss by the amount of BEC. If price is set equating average or marginal cost, profit of the firm reduce. Therefore, government subsidy is required for sustaining the business. Therefore, QantasLink sets price where MR = MC. Business traveller uses the route frequently compared to the leisure traveller. Therefore, price discrimination for two groups of customers can help to increase revenue. The company can charge higher price to the business travellers as marginal revenue would be higher for this group due to having inelastic demand curve. Figure 3: Price discrimination by monopolist (Source: created by author) Benefits and cost of Qantas and China Eastern alliance Cooperation between Qantas and China Eastern give rise of monopoly power in the airline industry. Therefore, in order to maximise joint profit, they can hike in airfare. Figure 4: Pricing policy and deadweight loss in cartel (Source: created by author) In the above figure, the AEC triangle indicates the deadweight or welfare loss as aresult of cartel between two firms. Pc is the competition price, which is lower than monopoly price charged by the collude firms. Competitive supply of service is more than cartel. As the two firms together produce less than competitive output, deadweight loss is created and inefficiency in total production increases. As the Qantas and China Eastern make collusion, this would give them significant profit compared to single operation. Both individual and joint profit would be maximised. Co-operation often helps to minimise the risk of business fluctuation. However, as far as social welfare is concerned, the monopoly creates welfare loss by charging higher price and supplying less products or services. Consumer has to pay higher price compared to competitive situation. Therefore, inefficiency increases. Stability of the cartel depends on the trust of each other. 4: Introduction This section discusses effect of taxation on sales of cigarettes. Cigarette is harmful for human health. Therefore, one way of recuing consumption is taxation. Demand price elasticity of cigarette consumption is highlighted. This essay discusses about alternative policy for reducing cigar rates. Cigarette tax has mixed effect on consumption. However, the effectiveness of tax is evaluated in this essay. Discussion If the price of one packet cigarette is increased more than $40 after taxation, this has immediate impact on sales of cigarette. As, price rises significantly, the quantity demanded for cigarette reduces as per law of demand, when other things remain same (Callison and Kaestner 2012). As shown in figure 5, tax is imposed on the sale of per packet of cigarette. Therefore, tax increases price by t per packet. Therefore, the supply curve shifts upward for a given supply (Jha and Peto 2014). The new equilibrium is achieved at a higher price P1 and a lower quantity Q1 as sales decreases. Some consumers of cigarette are left out from the market due to higher price of cigarette. They either may reduce their consumption of cigarette or may shift to other substitutes (Diaz, Chaloupka and Jernigan 2015). If cigarette is regarded as a normal good, imposition of tax reduces the sales as consumption decreases (Abadie, Diamond and Hainmueller 2012). Figure 5: Effect of sales tax (Source: created by author) Demand for cigarette is inelastic in nature. Increase in cigarette does not have much effect on cigarette consumption. Law of demand is not applicable effectively in this case. The addicted people continue their consumption even after increase in cigarette price (DeCicca, Kenkel and Liu 2013). When government imposes a sales tax on cigarette, the sellers pass the effect of tax onto the consumers by reducing supply. The producer has no extra cost however, the consumers borne the increased price if consumption remains same. There are few consumers, who reduce the consumption to save money (Tauras et al. 2016). Minimum price law or price floor policy of government imposes burden on seller by restricting them selling price below the minimum price. Price floor is termed as basic cost to the whole seller and retailer of cigarette. Price floor increases cost of doing business (DeCicca, Kenkel and Liu 2013). Figure 6: Price floor in cigarette market (Source: created by author) As the above figure depicts that, the price floor is Pf, which is more than the market equilibrium price. At Pf, the supply of cigarette is more than its demand. Therefore, excess supply is created in the market (Harding, Leibtag and Lovenheim 2012). At this price, producers reduce their production of cigarette in order to clear the market. Hence, there will be underproduction in the market (Tang, Tang and Posner 2013). Underproduction creates deadweight loss in the economy by reducing some part of both the consumer and producer surplus. Apart from the price floor, there are many other alternative ways of reducing sales of cigarette such as increase in licensing fees of tobacco retail and banning multipack discounting offer (Holford et al. 2014). Increase in licensing affects the retail price of cigarette pack and may reduce the number of retailer. In the view of Brown et al. (2014), increase in tax on cigarette pack reduces smoking behaviour among the young and person with low socio economic status. However, as cigarette demand is inelastic in nature, increase in price does not reduce the cigarette demand much (Schenk, Thuronyi and Cui 2015). According to World Bank report, tobacco consumption is increasing among the men in low and middle-income countries and among the women compared to the men in the high-income countries (web.worldbank.org, 2016). There is little impact of tax on the addicted and long-term cigarette smoker. They respond slowly to the hike in price of cigarette (Chiou and Muehlegger 2014). However, number of smoker, who is children and adolescents, reduces, as they have no source of income. Furthermore, the cigarette smokers have incomplete information about the risk of tobacco consumption. Hence, number of smoker is less likely to reduce even after taxation. Conclusion The essay highlights different aspects of taxation on cigarette. According to the demand supply model, imposition of tax on cigarette consumption reduces the supply in the market and sales of cigarette pack reduce. Demand for cigarette is price inelastic. Hence, increase in price of cigarette has not much effect on cigarette consumption. Reduction in cigarette consumption can be done in many other ways apart from taxation. When taxation is not effective, price floor, imposition of license fees on retailer, banning multipack discounting can be alternative policy. References Abadie, A., Diamond, A. and Hainmueller, J., 2012. Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of Californias tobacco control program.Journal of the American statistical Association. Brown, J., Beard, E., Kotz, D., Michie, S. and West, R., 2014. Realà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ world effectiveness of eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sectional population study.Addiction,109(9), pp.1531-1540. Callison, K. and Kaestner, R. (2012). Do higher tobacco taxes reduce adult smoking? new evidence of the effect of recent cigarette tax increases on adult smoking. [online] www.nber.org. Available at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w18326.pdf [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016]. Chiou, L. and Muehlegger, E., 2014. Consumer response to cigarette excise tax changes.Available at SSRN 1693263. DeCicca, P., Kenkel, D. and Liu, F., 2013. Excise tax avoidance: the case of state cigarette taxes.Journal of health economics,32(6), pp.1130-1141. DeCicca, P., Kenkel, D. and Liu, F., 2013. Who pays cigarette taxes? The impact of consumer price search.Review of Economics and Statistics,95(2), pp.516-529. Diaz, M.C., Chaloupka, F.J. and Jernigan, D.H., 2015. The effects of alcohol excise tax increases on public health and safety in Texas. Harding, M., Leibtag, E. and Lovenheim, M.F., 2012. The heterogeneous geographic and socioeconomic incidence of cigarette taxes: Evidence from Nielsen Homescan Data.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,4(4), pp.169-198. Holford, T.R., Meza, R., Warner, K.E., Meernik, C., Jeon, J., Moolgavkar, S.H. and Levy, D.T., 2014. Tobacco control and the reduction in smoking-related premature deaths in the United States, 1964-2012.Jama,311(2), pp.164-171. Jha, P. and Peto, R., 2014. Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco.New England Journal of Medicine,370(1), pp.60-68. Schenk, A., Thuronyi, V. and Cui, W., 2015.Value Added Tax. Cambridge University Press. Tang, Y.Y., Tang, R. and Posner, M.I., 2013. Brief meditation training induces smoking reduction.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(34), pp.13971-13975. Tauras, J.A., Pesko, M.F., Huang, J., Chaloupka, F.J. and Farrelly, M.C., 2016.The Effect of Cigarette Prices on Cigarette Sales: Exploring Heterogeneity in Price Elasticities at High and Low Prices(No. w22251). National Bureau of Economic Research. Web.worldbank.org. (2016). Economics of Tobacco Control - Myths and Facts. [online] Available at: https://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTHEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/EXTETC/0,,contentMDK:20365226~menuPK:478891~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:376601,00.html [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016].

The Sustainability Advantage

Question: Describe about the Sustainability? Answer: Sustainability is being able to withstand and go on living in an environment into the future. In terms of business, sustainability management is about incorporating social, economic and environmental factors into business decisions. Rather than short-term profits, it involves more emphasis on future long term goals for business. Being a sustainable business doesn't mean one needs to sacrifice the bottom line. In the long run, a sustainable business proves to be more profitable as they adapt and grow with the changing market. It can provide us with a competitive advantage and allows to differentiate the business from the competition. (The Sustainability Advantage: Seven Business Case Benefits of a Triple Bottom Line, Bob Willard, 2005.) A For-Profit Company adopts Organisational Sustainability to help the organization incorporate and institutionalize sustainability into their strategic management, systems and culture. In all business sectors, Sustainability is becoming a very big issue. Various natural factors such as climate, environment, population growth and social inequity are redefining the competitive landscape, and needs a lot of intervention and are demanding higher levels of attention, transparency and social responsibility from corporate entities. In order to create optimum value creation for the organisation and stakeholders, In recent years, a number of companies have completely redefined their business strategies in line with principles of. A sustainability framework is becoming especially important and prominent for leading organizations that are looking for ways to create synergies between various operational demands, rather than being locked into a sub-optimizing tradeoffs mindset. (https://www.reconstructingvalue.com/uploads/2/4/7/1/24717392/course_outline_strategy_for_a_sustainable_world.pdf, 2012) Sustainability is a major issue of all organizations and remains a key agenda and sustainable practices are more necessary than ever before because the worlds resources are limited and must be harnessed in an efficient and sustainable manner. There are both Internal and external Sustainability Issues (Alman) Siemens is a 165-year-old integrated technology company present in about 190 countries, with business activities in the Energy, Healthcare, Industry, and Infrastructure and Cities sectors. Siemens employs about 370,000 employees and runs 188 major RD facilities, which generated around 78 billion (US$104 billion) in revenues in 2012. Siemens sustainability program has three categories: Business Opportunities, Walk the Talk, and Stakeholder Engagement. Growth of its Environmental Portfolio is a priority in the Business Opportunities category and contributes to the companys One Siemens framework of creating value. ( World Resources Institute/ (https://www.wri.org/sites/default/fil, 2012) Purpose Focus of the Report SIEMENS is a very strong partner of sustainability, their environmental portfolio is a very important pillar of their business success, the lifeblood of this organization is innovation and sustainability is the guiding principle. It is a creator of business opportunities and thus needs to be anchored, however the path is not smooth and challenges remain. The concept of sustainability had a huge impact on Mr. Werner von Siemens, who realized very early on that sustainability was a concept with great potential for an innovative company .The good principles of business ie Efficiency and growth on one hand and responsibility for society and environment on the other, - were not mutually exclusive but mutually reinforcing. Thus the concept of sustainability that drives the economic, environmental and social progress, pointing towards good business opportunity is the dominant factor for its great strategy and activities of Siemens for the past 165 years. The concept of sustainability is not only recognized and given huge importance to but is also practiced at the Board Level in Siemens. An extensive and comprehensive sustainability program was launched in 2009 where Siemens declared that it is fully committed to the goals of Global Compact and the CEO Water Mandate of the United Nations. To adhere to sustainability issues, very active cooperation is provided with organizations viz. World Business Council for sustainable development, the Global Reporting initiative, the World Economic Forum and World Resources Institute. External assessments conducted in 2012 prove that Siemens is heading on the right path. In The Dow Jones Sustainability Index, Siemens was named as the worlds most sustainable industrial company. Outstanding results were also achieved from the Carbon Disclosure Projects where the score was 98 out of 100. In the fiscal year of 2012, products worth 33.2 Billion were generated enabling the customers to reduce their emissions by 332 million tons at the same time. Contribution to environmental and climate protection. Siemens has a proper definition of sustainability: Sustainability is the guideline principle of Siemens. Siemens has partnered with sustainability and has embarked to act responsibly on behalf of future generations in order to achieve economic, environmental and social progress (Siemens Sustainability Report , 2012). To handle the sustainability management efficiently, countrywide, Siemens has set up a Sustainability Advisory Board stewarded by the Chief Sustainability Officer who is also a member of the Board. The Board meets twice a year and through professional and active initiatives, has contributed to various successful sustainability programs. Four Conceptions of Organizational Sustainability Conclusion is drawn from over the years how sustainability is handled, thought about and talked about by the practicing managers in relation to the organizations. Thus qualitative description by managers has been deduced. These were not check-box surveys that the firms were doing but more in depth conversations with the managers as they framed some ideas as to how to handle organizational sustainability. To bring clarity in the framework of sustainability, FOUR CONCEPTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY were framed. (Elizabeth Kurucz, 2012) These Four Conceptions serve as frames for thinking and talking sustainability. These frames are interpretive mechanisms and that help us to organize our experience and help us to guide the actions by simplifying and condensing the world we observe. Again with sustainability as the buzzword.actual to possiblewhere actual means what is and possible means probable in the future. Crossing the two dimensions, we have the 2x2 metrics delineating four diverse and distinguishable conceptions of organizational sustainability. These are Trading, Aligning, Adapting and Synthesizing. A Trading Approach Management with a Trade-Off viewConception of sustainability focuses on what we do i.e. which is aimed at meeting the operating plan and thus maximizing value imposed by the stakeholders. In other words, it is done to keep the organization going. An Aligning approach implies What we could do ie expansion with a Trade-off view. For example if an individual holds an idealist enterprenual idea of the sustainability focused possibilities for the organization, and those themes are large absent from the actual organizational aspects, ie staying focused on what we do.a lack of alignment between societal and organizational values are occur. An Adapting approach signifies who we are ie to accept and mould as per organizational sustainability development ie simultaneous value creation for all organizational stakeholders. A Synthesizing Approach- Transformation with an integrative view, seeks a synthesis of global forces and objectives i.e. economic value creation, removing social injustice, environmental rehabilitation, conservation along with other financial objectives of the organization. The sustainability focus here it to upgrade an inclusive stakeholder view to create value broadly for the society. The usefulness of this framework is that it triggers reorientation of the organization to new growth opportunities. Four Conceptions of Organisational Sustainability along with Thematic Dimensions (Elizabeth Kurucz, 2012) Features Four Conceptions of Organisational Sustainability Value Creatiopn Mode Trading Aligning Adapting Synthesyzing Activity/ Identity/ Motivator What we do What we could do Who we are Who we could be Sustainability Objective Maximize organizational value subject to local stakeholder constraints Maximize organizational value subject to globally local stakeholder constraints Simultaneous value creation for all organizational stakeholders Leverage inclusive stakeholder view to create value for the org and broad global society What is sustained Competitive operations/ Licence to operate local stakeholder relationships Organizational Growth-Licence to operate " Globally" local stakeholders Stakeholder value industry advantage core values and organizational self Image Corporate BrandCore Values and Global Human Welfare Usefulness of a sustainability( Triple Bottom Line Framework As a negotiating Frame, Mitigate risks by negotiating Trade-Offs As a negotiating Frame: Mitigate Risks, exploit growth opportunities by negotiating Trade-offs in the new market As an Integrative Frame to build sustainable competitive advantage and organizational identity by leveraging interdependencies An integrating Frame, provoke organizational reorientation by broadening conceptions of context and capabilities Collaborating for sustainability and performance All the sustainability initiatives adhere to the business conduct guidelines providing a legal and ethical framework of the business activities. These business guidelines cover rules both within and also with external partners and general public. Within the framework of the business guidelines, close collaboration with stakeholders helps in addressing complex interlocking sustainability issues. It maintains an intense dialogue with the supply chain and external stakeholders. In the Fiscal year 2012, Siemens have also laid huge emphasis on the following areas of RD Projects. Ensuring Long-term future viability, enhancing technological competitiveness and Optimizing the allocation of RD Resources. The RD activities in the energy sector are dedicated to developing processes and transmission of electrical energy. The key RD Areas are focused in development of Technologies for low electricity transmission Advance gas turbines increasing efficiency with reduced emissions of power plants Combined cycled power plants to increase the volume of electricity Technologies that extract the green house carbon dioxide Subsea power grid to extract deep sea oil and natural gas drilling economically Integrative module.. ONE SIEMENS One Siemens Our path to sustainable value creation As a highly integrated Technology company they have a very strong setup. The framework of the companys sustainable development is One Siemens which defines the companys metrics for revenue growth, capital efficiency, profitability and optimization of the capital structure. (Siemens Annual Report, 2012) Framework for sustainable value creation: LANGUAGE for goal achievement of Siemens: For leveraging revenue, more efficiently use of capital more profitably and optimize the use of capital structure, can be thus defined in the metrics of ONE SIEMENS framework. Thus all these aspects combined into one provides basis for generating sustainable increase in the value. This is an example of their integrative mindset. They are using One Siemens as a vehicle of sustainable value creation for profitability and customer satisfaction. It is clearly an example of win-win situation. Customer satisfaction can be viewed in terms of the cost (cheaper), quality (good) and ecological impact of the product.(win win win situation) Focus on innovation growth markets The basis of success is the pioneering spirit.Innovation Driven Markets is the key factor on which the activities are focused on.along with long-term growth potential.Contineous strengthening of the portfolio and also further expanding of the environmental portfolio is done to play a leading role in these markets. (Siemens Annual Report, 2012) To be a pioneer in the Technology driven markets, Siemens has been extremely innovative for their future core business processes.. The power of innovation is strengthened by leveraging synergies worldwide thereby partnering with different premier research institutes Strengthen our portfolio by eyeing on growth oriented future markets Provide a leading environmental portfolio: provides protection to environment and climate byprocuring different products and solutions. Get Closer to our customers The main focus to be a strong local partner to the customers and at the same time be closer to the markets, throughout the world.. Thats why apart from playing a leading role in the industrial countries- Siemens is also successfully producing and developing more and more innovative products and solutions in the emerging countries. The professionalism and expansion of the services offerings is another of the strategic aims since innovative services harbor a wealth of new business opportunities and intensify customer loyalty (Siemens Annual Report, 2012) It includes concepts like Growth in emerging markets, expansion of service business and intensify customer focus Use the power of Siemens One needs to excel to be ranked as the top most in everything one does. In Siemens the extraordinary dedicated employees to a long way to continuously expand their knowledge while promoting equal opportunity and nurturing cooperation among men and women from different countries and cultural backgrounds. Nuclear and unambiguous commitment to integrity guides us in our ongoing pursuit of business success.Actions are governed by binding principles to which the customers, suppliers and employees are expected to adhere to. (Siemens Annual Report, 2012) It touch bases concepts like Encourage lifelong learning and development, Empowerment of the diverse people worldwide, stand for integrity. Thus ONE SIEMENS sumarises its values and principles and quotes: We will emerge from the current economic crisis with renewed strength. Supported by our new Company-wide program to reduce costs, increase productivity, enhance efficiency, and improve our processes and market access, One Siemens- Our framework for sustainable value creation-is pointing our way forward. As an INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY Company, Siemens have a virtually unparalleled position in the global markets- a position thats made them a true partner of trust to the customers , the shareholders and the employees worldwide. Acting sustainably and creating new business opportunities (Siemens Sustainability Report , 2012) Making a concrete contribution to sustainable development and seizing business opportunities that is the standard and Goal that has been set for the activities. Why and how is sustainability important to the enterprise: It has always been crucial for the long term success of the enterprise. In order to quench our hunger for food and thirst for water, and energy needs, we have to do a lot more with much less as already about 1.5 % of the earths resources have been harnessed. As a supplier of infrastructure Siemens have helped the society to progress with its varied range of products and solutions. After all everyone involves gains from involving practice and Theory in vocational training. Green Polymer Made of CO2 from Exhaust Gases Along with various project partners, Siemens researchers developed a new recipe for plastic made primarily of renewable resources and CO2. It is a mixture containing polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), whose main components are made from renewable raw materials such as palm oil and starch. Since PHB is brittle, polypropylene carbonate (PPC) from BASF, it is added to make it softer. PPC consists of 43 % carbon dioxide (by weight), which is obtained from power plant emissions using a separation process. In addition to being transparent, biodegradable, and resistant to light, PPC can be easily further processed.(https://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/news/2012/e_inno_1213_2.htm, 2012) In Contribution to sustainable development, Siemens caters to optimum EFFICIENCY thus taking full RESPONSIBILITY very seriously, thereby leading to GROWTH with its innovative products and solutions and services .Also helps customers tap new business opportunities. (Siemens Sustainability Report , 2012) Sustainable practices and economic common sense are by no means conflicting concepts on the contrary; Especially for innovation driven companies like Siemens sustainable practices offer great potential that we aim to exploit consistently- for our customers, the environment and not the least for our own business success. (Siemens Sustainability Report , 2012) Siemens have partnered with Dong Energy and provided solutions in wind energy. Clean electricity in 6000 households from every turbine..amazing performance by Siemens off the coast of Great Britain. Customer statement in Energy sector: cooperating trustfully with Siemens for years. They share passion and enthusiasm for increasing production of electricity from wind and utilizing wind energy to the optimum and to bring down energy cost on long term basisthereby aligning with the organizational sustainability. The Siloam Hospital Group is introducing high quality and affordable healthcare in Indonesia, which has a diagnostics use. It is a medical device and is connected to a remote device of Siemens, thus helping with maximum device availability and lower cost ownership. Best example of synthesizing: Sustainability Conception The software company INOSIM , working closely with Siemens caters to the biological and chemical industry. This software has reduced the costs significantly Here the management is with an integrative view, they are adapting Siestorage, which has partnered with Siemens, supplies renewable power energies to companies like Enel. This is where Siemens modular energy system comes into being. Summary .This is a synopsis related to the future business and caters to forward looking statements . Also Siemens in 2012 various reports and news items coming out of them, reiterating their support for their organizational sustainability. This Report only supports the fact that how the concept of sustainability is driven with respect to business , the environment and the society, thereby contributing substantially to a sustainable development. In Siemens efficiency is leveraged at the same time increasing customer benefit thereby increasing sustainability to the external stakeholders with various products and solutions. Refrences 1. The Sustainability Advantage: Seven Business Case Benefits of a Triple Bottom Line, Bob Willard, 2005., Viewed on 6th February, 2015; https://toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part/17/83/3552. Reconstrucvtive Value: Building Leadership for sustainability: by Elizabeth Kurucz, Barry Colbert and David Wheeler. Viewed on 6th February, 2015: https://www.reconstructingvalue.com/uploads/2/4/7/1/24717392/course_outline_strategy_for_a_sustainable_world.pdf 20123. World Resources Institute: Aligning Profit and Environmental sustainability: Stories from the Industry ( Working Paper): Viewed on 7th February, 2015: https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/pdf/aligning_profit_and_environmental_sustainability_stories_from_industry.pdf4. Sustainability Report, 2012 of Siemens: viewed on 5th February, 2015: https://www.siemens.com/about/sustainability/pool/en/current-reporting/siemens-sr2012.pdf5. Reconstructing Value: Leadership Skills for a sustainable World by Elizabeth Kurucz; Viewed on 7th February , 2015: https://books.google.co.in/books.6. Siemens Global Website: wiewed on 7th February, 2012; https://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/news/2012/e_inno_1213_2.htm